Everything about Jel Classification Codes totally explained
Articles in journals are usually classified according to the system used by the
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL). The JEL is published quarterly by the
American Economic Association and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. There are 19 main categories, each of which have numerous subcategories and subsubcategories.
The primary codes are:
The full list is available at http://www.aeaweb.org/journal/jel_class_system.html
General Economics and Teaching JEL: A Subcategories
- General Economics
» :JEL: A10 - General
:JEL: A11 - Role of Economics; Role of Economists; Market for Economists
» : - Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
: -
Relation of Economics to Social Values » :JEL: A14 - Sociology of Economics
:JEL: A19 - Other
-
Economics Education and Teaching of Economics
» :JEL: A20 - General
:JEL: A21 - Pre-college
» :JEL: A22 - Undergraduate
:JEL: A23 - Graduate
» :JEL: A29 - Other
JEL: A3 - Multisubject Collective Works
» :JEL: A30 - General
:JEL: A31 - Multisubject Collected Writings of Individuals
» :JEL: A32 - Multisubject Volumes
:JEL: A39 - Other
Schools of economic thought and methodology JEL: B Subcategories
JEL: B0 - General
» :JEL: B00 - General
-
History of Economic Thought through 1925
» :JEL: B10 - General
: - Preclassical
» : -
Classical
:JEL: B13 -
Neoclassical through 1925 » :JEL: B14 -
Socialist;
Marxist
:JEL: B15 -
Historical;
Institutional » :JEL: B16 - History of Economic Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
:JEL: B19 - Other
-
History of Economic Thought since 1925
» :JEL: B20 - General
:JEL: B21 - Microeconomics
» :JEL: B22 - Macroeconomics
:JEL: B23 - History of Economic Thought: Econometrics; Quantitative & Mathematical Studies
» :JEL: B24 -
Socialist;
Marxist;
Sraffian
:JEL: B25 -
Historical;
Institutional;
Evolutionary;
Austrian » :JEL: B29 - Other
JEL: B3 - History of Thought: Individuals
» :JEL: B30 - General
:JEL: B31 - Individuals
» :JEL: B32 - Obituaries
-
Economic methodology » :JEL: B40 - General
:JEL: B41 -
Economic methodology » :JEL: B49 - Other
-
Current Heterodox Approaches » :JEL: B50 - General
:JEL: B51 -
Socialist;
Marxian;
Sraffian » :JEL: B52 -
Institutional;
Evolutionary
:JEL: B53 -
Austrian » :JEL: B54 -
Feminist Economics
:JEL: B59 - Other
Mathematical and quantitative methods JEL: C Subcategories
- General
» :JEL: C00 - General
:JEL: C01 - Econometrics
» :JEL: C02 - Mathematical Methods
-
Econometric and
Statistical Methods: General
» :JEL: C10 - General
:JEL: C11 -
Bayesian analysis » : -
Hypothesis testing
: -
Estimation » :JEL: C14 -
Semiparametric and
nonparametric methods
:JEL: C15 -
Statistical Simulation methods » : -
Statistical distributions
:JEL: C16 - Specific Distributions
» :JEL: C19 - Other
-
Econometric methods: Single equation models;Single variables
» :JEL: C20 - General
: -
Cross-Sectional Models;
Spatial models;
Treatment effect models » : -
Time-Series Models
:JEL: C23 -
Panel data » :JEL: C34 -
Truncated and
censored models
:JEL: C25 -
Discrete regression;
Qualitative choice models » :JEL: C29 - Other
-
Econometric Methods: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models
» :JEL: C30 - General
: -
Cross-Sectional Models; ;
Spatial Models;
Treatment effect models » : -
Time-Series Models
:JEL: C33 -
Models with Panel data » :JEL: C34 -
Truncated and
censored models
:JEL: C35 -
Discrete regression and
Qualitative choice models » :JEL: C39 - Other
- Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
» :JEL: C40 - General
:JEL: C41 -
Duration analysis » :JEL: C42 -
Survey methods
: -
Index numbers Aggregation » :JEL: C44 -
Statistical decision theory;
Operations research
:JEL: C45 -
Neural Networks and Related Topics » :JEL: C46 - Specific Distributions
:JEL: C49 - Other
-
Econometric Modeling
» :JEL: C50 - General
:JEL: C51 -
Model construction and estimation » :JEL: C52 -
Model evaluation and testing
:JEL: C53 -
Forecasting and Other Model Applications
» :JEL: C59 - Other
-
Mathematical Methods and
Programming
» :JEL: C60 - General
:JEL: C61 -
Optimization techniques;
Programming models; Dynamic analysis
» :JEL: C62 -
Existence and
stability conditions of
equilibrium
: -
Computational techniques » :JEL: C65 - Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
:JEL: C67 -
Input–output models » :JEL: C68 -
Computable General Equilibrium models
:JEL: C69 - Other
-
Game theory and
Bargaining theory
» :JEL: C70 - General
: -
Cooperative games
» : -
Noncooperative games
: -
Stochastic and
Dynamic games;
Evolutionary games; Repeated Games
» : -
Bargaining theory;
Matching theory
:JEL: C79 - Other
-
Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology;
Computer Programs
» :JEL: C80 - General
:JEL: C81 -
Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing microeconomic data » :JEL: C82 -
Methodology for collecting, estimating, and organizing macroeconomic data
: -
Econometric software » : -
Other Computer Software
:JEL: C89 - Other
-
Design of Experiments » :JEL: C90 - General
:JEL: C91 -
Laboratory, Individual Behavior » :JEL: C92 -
Laboratory, Group Behavior
:JEL: C93 -
Field experiments » :JEL: C99 - Other
Microeconomics JEL: D Subcategories
JEL: D0 - General
» :JEL: D00 - General
: - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
» : - Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
-
Household Behavior and Family Economics
» :JEL: D10 - General
: - Consumer Economics: Theory
» :JEL: D12 -
:JEL: D13 -
Household production and
Intrahousehold allocation » :JEL: D14 -
Personal finance
:JEL: D18 -
Consumer protection » :JEL: D19 - Other
- Production and Organizations
» :JEL: D20 - General
: -
Firm behavior » :JEL: D23 -
Organizational behavior;
Transaction Costs; Property rights
: -
Production;
Capital and
Total factor productivity;
Capacity » :JEL: D29 - Other
-
Distribution
» :JEL: D30 - General
:JEL: D31 -,, and Their Distributions
» :JEL: D33 -
:JEL: D39 - Other
-
Market structure and pricing
» : - General
: -
Perfect competition » : -
Monopoly
: -
Oligopoly and
Other Forms of Market Imperfection » : -
Auctions
: -
Rationing;
Licensing » : -
Value Theory
:JEL: D49 - Other
-
General equilibrium and Disequilibrium
» :JEL: D50 - General
:JEL: D51 -
Exchange and
Production Economies » :JEL: D52 -
Incomplete Markets
:JEL: D57 -
Input–Output Tables and Analysis » :JEL: D58 -
Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
:JEL: D59 - Other
-
Welfare economics
» :JEL: D60 - General
: -
Allocative efficiency;
Cost-benefit analysis » : -
Externalities
:JEL: D63 -
Equity,
Justice,
Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
» :JEL: D64 - Altruism
:JEL: D69 - Other
- Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
» :JEL: D70 - General
: -
Social choice;
Clubs; Committees; Associations
» : - Economic Models of Political Processes:
Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
:JEL: D73 - Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
» :JEL: D74 - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
:JEL: D78 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
» :JEL: D79 - Other
-
Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
» :JEL: D80 - General
: - Criteria for
Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty » : -
Asymmetric and
Private Information
:JEL: D83 - Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge
» :JEL: D84 -
Expectations;
Speculation
:JEL: D85 -
Network Formation » :JEL: D86 -
Economics of contract law
:JEL: D89 - Other
-
Intertemporal choice and
Growth
» :JEL: D90 - General
:JEL: D91 - Intertemporal Consumer Choice;
Life cycle models and
Saving » :JEL: D92 - Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
:JEL: D99 - Other
Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories
JEL: E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
JEL: E0 - General
» :JEL: E00 - General
: -
Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and
Wealth
JEL: E1 - General Aggregative Models
» :JEL: E10 - General
:JEL: E11 - Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
» : - Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
:JEL: E13 - Neoclassical
» :JEL: E17 - and Simulation
:JEL: E19 - Other
JEL: E2 - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
» :JEL: E20 - General
:JEL: E21 -
Consumption;
Saving » :JEL: E22 - Capital; Investment (including Inventories); Capacity
:JEL: E23 -
Production » :JEL: E24 -
Employment;
Unemployment;
Wages
:JEL: E25 - Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
» :JEL: E26 -
Informal economy; Underground Economy
:JEL: E27 - Forecasting and Simulation
» :JEL: E29 - Other
JEL: E3 - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
» :JEL: E30 - General
:JEL: E31 - Price Level;
Inflation;
Deflation » : - Business Fluctuations; Cycles
:JEL: E37 - Forecasting and Simulation
» :JEL: E39 - Other
- Money and Interest Rates
» :JEL: E40 - General
:JEL: E41 -
Demand for Money » :JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
: - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
» :JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
:JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation
» :JEL: E49 - Other
- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
» :JEL: E50 - General
:JEL: E51 -
Money Supply;
Credit;
Money Multipliers » :JEL: E52 -
Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)
:JEL: E58 -
Central Banks and Their Policies
» :JEL: E59 - Other
- Macroeconomic Policy Formation, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, Macroeconomic Policy, and General Outlook
» :JEL: E60 - General
:JEL: E61 - Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
» : -
Fiscal Policy; Public Expenditures, Investment, and Finance;
Taxation
:JEL: E63 - Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization
» :JEL: E64 -
Incomes Policy;
Price Policy
:JEL: E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
» :JEL: E66 - General Outlook and Conditions
:JEL: E69 - Other
International economics JEL: F Subcategories
JEL: F - International Economics
JEL: F0 - General
» :JEL: F00 - General
:JEL: F01 - Global Outlook
» :JEL: F02 - International Economic Order; Noneconomic International Organizations •Economic Integration and Globalization: General
-
Trade
» :JEL: F10 - General
:JEL: F11 - Neoclassical Models of Trade
» :JEL: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
:JEL: F13 - Commercial Policy; Protection; Promotion; Trade Negotiations; International Organizations
» :JEL: F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade
:JEL: F15 - Economic Integration
» :JEL: F16 - Trade and Labor Market Interactions
:JEL: F17 - Trade Forecasting and Simulation
» :JEL: F18 - Trade and Environment
:JEL: F19 - Other
- International Factor Movements and International Business
» :JEL: F20 - General
:JEL: F21 -
International Investment; Long-Term Capital Movements
» : -
International Migration
: -
Multinational Firms; International Business
» :JEL: F29 - Other
-
International Finance
» :JEL: F30 - General
:JEL: F31 - Foreign Exchange
» :JEL: F32 - Current Account Adjustment; Short-Term Capital Movements
:JEL: F33 - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
» :JEL: F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
:JEL: F35 -
Foreign aid » :JEL: F36 - Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
:JEL: F37 - International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
» :JEL: F39 - Other
- Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
» :JEL: F40 - General
: -
Open economy macroeconomics » :JEL: F42 - International Policy Coordination and Transmission
:JEL: F43 - Economic Growth of Open Economies
» :JEL: F47 - Forecasting and Simulation
:JEL: F49 - Other
Financial economics JEL: G Subcategories
JEL: G - Financial Economics
- General
» :JEL: G00 - General
- General Financial Markets
» :JEL: G10 - General
:JEL: G11 -
Portfolio choice;
Investment decisions » :JEL: G12 -
Asset pricing
:JEL: G13 -
Contingent pricing;
Futures Pricing
» :JEL: G14 - Information and
Market Efficiency;
Event Studies
:JEL: G15 -
International financial markets » :JEL: G18 - Government Policy and
Regulation
:JEL: G19 - Other
-
Financial institutions and
Services
» :JEL: G20 - General
: -
Banks; Other Depository Institutions;
Mortgages » : -
Insurance;
Insurance companies
:JEL: G23 -
Pension funds; Other Private Financial Institutions
» :JEL: G24 -
Investment banking;
Venture capital;
Brokerage
:JEL: G28 - Government Policy and
Regulation » :JEL: G29 - Other
-
Corporate finance and
Corporate governance
» :JEL: G30 - General
:JEL: G31 -
Capital budgeting; Investment Policy
» :JEL: G32 - Financing Policy;
Capital and Ownership Structure
:JEL: G33 -
Bankruptcy;
Liquidation » :JEL: G34 -
Mergers;
Acquisitions;
Restructuring;
Corporate governance
:JEL: G35 - Payout Policy
» :JEL: G38 - Government Policy and Regulation
:JEL: G39 - Other
Public economics JEL: H Subcategories
JEL: H -
Public Economics
JEL: H0 - General
» :JEL: H00 - General
JEL: H1 - Structure and Scope of Government
» :JEL: H10 - General
:JEL: H11 - Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
» :JEL: H19 - Other
-
Taxation,, and
Revenue
» :JEL: H20 - General
:JEL: H21 - ;
Optimal taxation » :JEL: H22 -
Incidence
:JEL: H23 - Externalities; ;
Environmental taxes and
Subsidies » : - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
: - Business Taxes and Subsidies
» :JEL: H26 -
Tax Evasion
:JEL: H27 - Other Sources of Revenue
» :JEL: H29 - Other
JEL: H3 - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
» :JEL: H30 - General
:JEL: H31 - Household
» :JEL: H32 - Firm
:JEL: H39 - Other
JEL: H4 -
Publicly provided goods
» :JEL: H40 - General
:JEL: H41 -
Public goods » :JEL: H42 - Publicly Provided Private Goods
:JEL: H43 -
Project evaluation;
Social discount rate » :JEL: H49 - Other
JEL: H5 - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
» :JEL: H50 - General
:JEL: H51 - Government Expenditures and Health
» :JEL: H52 - Government Expenditures and Education
:JEL: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
» :JEL: H54 - Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
:JEL: H55 -
Social security and Public Pensions
» : - National Security and War
:JEL: H57 - Procurement
» :JEL: H59 - Other
JEL: H6 - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
» :JEL: H60 - General
:JEL: H61 -
Budget; Budget Systems
» :JEL: H62 -
Deficit;
Surplus
:JEL: H63 -
Debt; Debt Management
» :JEL: H69 - Other
JEL: H7 - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations
» :JEL: H70 - General
:JEL: H71 - State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
» :JEL: H72 - State and Local Budget and Expenditures
:JEL: H73 - Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
» :JEL: H74 - State and Local Borrowing
:JEL: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism
» :JEL: H79 - Other
JEL: H8 - Miscellaneous Issues
» :JEL: H80 - General
:JEL: H81 - Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, and Credits
» :JEL: H82 - Governmental Property
:JEL: H83 -
Public administration » :JEL: H87 - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
:JEL: H89 - Other
Health, education, and welfare JEL: I Subcategories
JEL: I - Health, Education, and Welfare
JEL: I0 - General
» :JEL: I00 - General
-
Health
» :JEL: I10 - General
: -
Analysis of Health Care Markets » :JEL: I12 - Health Production: Nutrition, Mortality, Morbidity, Substance Abuse and Addiction, Disability, and Economic Behavior
:JEL: I18 -
Government Policy; Regulation;
Public health » :JEL: I19 - Other
-
Education
» :JEL: I20 - General
:JEL: I21 -
Analysis of Education » :JEL: I22 -
Educational finance
:JEL: I23 - Higher Education Research Institutions
» :JEL: I28 -
Government Policy
:JEL: I29 - Other
- Welfare and Poverty
» :JEL: I30 - General
:JEL: I31 - General Welfare;
Basic needs;
Living standards;
Quality of life;
Happiness » : -
Measurement and Analysis of
Poverty
:JEL: I38 -
Government Policy;
Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs » :JEL: I39 - Other
Labor and demographic economics JEL: J Subcategories
JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics
JEL: J0 - General
» :JEL: J00 - General
-
Demographic economics
» :JEL: J10 - General
:JEL: J11 - Demographic Trends and Forecasts
» :JEL: J12 - Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure
:JEL: J13 - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
» :JEL: J14 - Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
:JEL: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
» :JEL: J16 -
Economics of gender; Non-labor Discrimination
:JEL: J17 -
Value of life; Foregone Income
» :JEL: J18 - Public Policy
:JEL: J19 - Other
- Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination and Creation;
Human capital
» :JEL: J20 - General
:JEL: J21 -
Labor force and
Employment, Size, and Structure
» :JEL: J22 -
Time allocation and
Labor supply
:JEL: J23 - Employment Determination;
Job creation;
Demand for labor;
Self-employment » :JEL: J24 -
Human capital;
Skills;
Occupational choice;
Labor productivity
:JEL: J26 -
Retirement;
Retirement policies » :JEL: J28 - Safety; Accidents; Industrial Health; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
:JEL: J29 - Other
-
Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
» :JEL: J30 - General
:JEL: J31 - Wage Level and Structure;
Wage differentials by Skill, Training, Occupation, etc.
» :JEL: J32 -
Nonwage labor costs and
Benefits;
Private pensions
:JEL: J33 - Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
» :JEL: J38 - Public Policy
:JEL: J39 - Other
- Particular Labor Markets
» :JEL: J40 - General
:JEL: J41 - Contracts: Specific Human Capital,
Matching models,
Efficiency wage Models, and
Internal labor markets » :JEL: J42 - Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
:JEL: J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
» :JEL: J44 - Professional Labor Markets and Occupations
:JEL: J45 - Public Sector Labor Markets
» :JEL: J48 - Public Policy
:JEL: J49 - Other
- Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
» :JEL: J50 - General
:JEL: J51 -
Trade unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
» :JEL: J52 - Dispute Resolution:
Strikes,
Arbitration, and
Mediation;
Collective bargaining
:JEL: J53 -
Labor–management relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
» :JEL: J54 -
Producer cooperatives;
Labor managed firms
:JEL: J58 - Public Policy
» :JEL: J59 - Other
-
Mobility,
Unemployment, and
Vacancies
» :JEL: J60 - General
:JEL: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
» :JEL: J62 - Job, Occupational, and
Intergenerational mobility
:JEL: J63 - Turnover;
Vacancies;
Layoffs » :JEL: J64 -
Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
:JEL: J65 -
Unemployment insurance;
Severance pay;
Plant closings » :JEL: J68 - Public Policy
:JEL: J69 - Other
- Labor Discrimination
» :JEL: J70 - General
:JEL: J71 - Discrimination
» :JEL: J78 - Public Policy
:JEL: J79 - Other
- Labor Standards: National and International
» :JEL: J80 - General
:JEL: J81 -
Working conditions » :JEL: J82 - Labor Force Composition
:JEL: J83 - Workers' Rights
» :JEL: J88 - Public Policy
:JEL: J89 - Other
Law and economics JEL: K Subcategories
JEL: K - Law and Economics
JEL: K0 - General
» :JEL: K00 - General
JEL: K1 - Basic Areas of Law
» :JEL: K10 - General
:JEL: K11 - Property Law
» :JEL: K12 - Contract Law
:JEL: K13 - Tort Law and Product Liability
» :JEL: K14 - Criminal Law
:JEL: K19 - Other
- Regulation and Business Law
» :JEL: K20 - General
:JEL: K21 - Antitrust Law
» :JEL: K22 - Corporation and Securities Law
:JEL: K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
» :JEL: K29 - Other
JEL: K3 - Other Substantive Areas of Law
» :JEL: K30 - General
:JEL: K31 - Labor Law
» :JEL: K32 - Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
:JEL: K33 - International Law
» :JEL: K34 - Tax Law
:JEL: K35 - Personal Bankruptcy Law
» :JEL: K39 - Other
JEL: K4 - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
» :JEL: K40 - General
:JEL: K41 - Litigation Process
» :JEL: K42 - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
:JEL: K49 - Other
Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories
JEL: L - Industrial Organization
JEL: L0 - General
» :JEL: L00 - General
- Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
» :JEL: L10 - General
:JEL: L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
» : - Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
:JEL: L13 -
Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
» :JEL: L14 - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
:JEL: L15 - Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
» :JEL: L16 - Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics; Macroeconomic Industrial Structure; Industrial Price Indices
:JEL: L19 - Other
JEL: L2 - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
» :JEL: L20 - General
:JEL: L21 - Business Objectives of the Firm
» :JEL: L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure: Markets vs. Hierarchies;
Vertical integration;
Conglomerates
:JEL: L23 - Organization of Production
» :JEL: L24 -
Contracting out;
Joint ventures
:JEL: L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Age, Profit, and Sales
» :JEL: L29 - Other
JEL: L3 - and
» :JEL: L30 - General
:JEL: L31 - Nonprofit Institutions;
NGOs » :JEL: L32 -
Public enterprises
:JEL: L33 - Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises;
Privatization;
Contracting out » :JEL: L39 - Other
JEL: L4 - Issues and Policies
» :JEL: L40 - General
:JEL: L41 - Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
» :JEL: L42 - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
:JEL: L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
» :JEL: L44 - Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
:JEL: L49 - Other
JEL: L5 - Regulation and
» :JEL: L50 - General
:JEL: L51 - Economics of Regulation
» :JEL: L52 - Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
:JEL: L53 - Government Promotion of Firms
» :JEL: L59 - Other
- Industry Studies: Manufacturing
» :JEL: L60 - General
:JEL: L61 - Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
» :JEL: L62 - Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
:JEL: L63 - Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
» :JEL: L64 - Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
:JEL: L65 - Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
» :JEL: L66 - Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco
:JEL: L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
» :JEL: L68 - Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
:JEL: L69 - Other
JEL: L7 - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
» :JEL: L70 - General
:JEL: L71 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
» :JEL: L72 - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
:JEL: L73 - Forest Products: Lumber and Paper
» :JEL: L74 - Construction
:JEL: L78 - Government Policy
» :JEL: L79 - Other
- Industry Studies: Services
» :JEL: L80 - General
:JEL: L81 - Retail and Wholesale Trade; Warehousing; e-Commerce
» :JEL: L82 - Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)
:JEL: L83 - Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
» :JEL: L84 - Personal, Professional, and Business Services
:JEL: L85 - Real Estate Services
» :JEL: L86 - Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
:JEL: L87 - Postal and Delivery Services
» :JEL: L88 - Government Policy
:JEL: L89 - Other
- Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
» :JEL: L90 - General
:JEL: L91 - Transportation: General
» :JEL: L92 - Railroads and Other Surface Transportation: Autos, Buses, Trucks, and Water Carriers; Ports
:JEL: L93 - Air Transportation
» :JEL: L94 - Electric Utilities
:JEL: L95 - Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
» :JEL: L96 - Telecommunications
:JEL: L97 - Utilities: General
» :JEL: L98 - Government Policy
:JEL: L99 - Other
Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting JEL: M Subcategories
JEL: M - Business administration and business economics; marketing; accounting
JEL: M0 - General
» :JEL: M00 - General
- Business Administration
» :JEL: M10 - General
:JEL: M11 - Production Management
» :JEL: M12 - Personnel Management
:JEL: M13 -
Entrepreneurship » :JEL: M14 -
Corporate culture;
Social Responsibility
:JEL: M19 - Other
JEL: M2 - Business Economics
» :JEL: M20 - General
:JEL: M21 -
Business economics » :JEL: M29 - Other
- Marketing and Advertising
» :JEL: M30 - General
:JEL: M31 -
Marketing » :JEL: M37 -
Advertising
:JEL: M39 - Other
- Accounting and Auditing
» :JEL: M40 - General
:JEL: M41 -
Accounting scholarship » :JEL: M42 -
Auditing
:JEL: M49 - Other
JEL: M5 -
Personnel economics
» :JEL: M50 - General
:JEL: M51 - Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions (hiring, firing, turnover, part-time, temporary workers, seniority issues)
» :JEL: M52 - Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects (
stock options,
fringe benefits, incentives, family support programs, seniority issues)
:JEL: M53 - Training
» :JEL: M54 - Labor Management (team formation,
worker empowerment,
job design, tasks and authority,
job satisfaction)
:JEL: M55 - Labor Contracting Devices:
Outsourcing;
Franchising; Other
» :JEL: M59 - Other
Economic history JEL: N Subcategories
JEL: N -
Economic History
JEL: N0 - General
» :JEL: N00 - General
:JEL: N01 - Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
JEL: N1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations
» :JEL: N10 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N11 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N12 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N13 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N14 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N15 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N16 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N17 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N2 - Financial Markets and Institutions
» :JEL: N20 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N21 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N22 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N23 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N24 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N25 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N26 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N27 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N3 - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Income, and Wealth
» :JEL: N30 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N31 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N32 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N33 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N34 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N35 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N36 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N37 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N4 - Government, War, Law, and Regulation
» :JEL: N40 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N41 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N42 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N43 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N44 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N45 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N46 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N47 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N5 - Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
» :JEL: N50 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N51 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N52 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N53 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N54 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N55 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N56 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N57 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N6 - Manufacturing and Construction
» :JEL: N60 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N61 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N62 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N63 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N64 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N65 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N66 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N67 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N7 - Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
» :JEL: N70 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N71 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N72 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N73 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N74 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N75 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N76 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N77 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N8 - Micro-Business History
» :JEL: N80 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N81 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N82 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N83 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N84 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N85 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N86 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N87 - Africa; Oceania
JEL: N9 - Regional and Urban History
» :JEL: N90 - General, International, or Comparative
:JEL: N91 - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N92 - U.S.; Canada: 1913–
:JEL: N93 - Europe: Pre-1913
» :JEL: N94 - Europe: 1913–
:JEL: N95 - Asia including Middle East
» :JEL: N96 - Latin America; Caribbean
:JEL: N97 - Africa; Oceania
Economic development, technological change, and growth JEL: O Subcategories
JEL: O -
Economic Development,
Technological Change, and
Growth
-
Economic development
» :JEL: O10 - General
:JEL: O11 - Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
» :JEL: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
:JEL: O13 - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
» :JEL: O14 - Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
:JEL: O15 - Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
» :JEL: O16 - Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment
: - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements: Legal, Social, Economic, and Political
» :JEL: O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
:JEL: O19 - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
JEL: O2 - Development Planning and Policy
» :JEL: O20 - General
:JEL: O21 - Planning Models; Planning Policy
» :JEL: O22 - Project Analysis
:JEL: O23 - Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
» :JEL: O24 - Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
:JEL: O29 - Other
-
Technological Change; Research and Development
» :JEL: O30 - General
:JEL: O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
» :JEL: O32 - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
:JEL: O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
» : - Intellectual Property Rights: National and International Issues
:JEL: O38 - Government Policy
» :JEL: O39 - Other
- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
» :JEL: O40 -
General
:JEL: O41 - One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
» :JEL: O42 - Monetary Growth Models
:JEL: O47 - Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity
» :JEL: O49 - Other
- Economywide Country Studies
» :JEL: O50 - General
:JEL: O51 -
U.S.; Canada » :JEL: O52 -
Europe
:JEL: O53 -
Asia including
Middle East » :JEL: O54 -
Latin America;
Caribbean
:JEL: O55 -
Africa » :JEL: O56 -
Oceania
:JEL: O57 - Comparative Studies of Countries
Economic systems JEL: P Subcategories
JEL: P -
Economic Systems
JEL: P0 - General
» :JEL: P00 - General
-
Capitalist Systems » :JEL: P10 - General
: - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
» :JEL: P12 - Capitalist Enterprises
:JEL: P13 - Cooperative Enterprises
» :JEL: P14 - Property Rights
:JEL: P16 - Political Economy
» :JEL: P17 - Performance and Prospects
:JEL: P19 - Other
-
Socialist Systems and
Transitional Economies » :JEL: P20 - General
:JEL: P21 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
» :JEL: P22 - Prices
:JEL: P23 - Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
» :JEL: P24 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
:JEL: P25 - Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics; Housing; Transportation
» :JEL: P26 - Political Economy; Property Rights
:JEL: P27 - Performance and Prospects
» :JEL: P28 - Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
:JEL: P29 - Other
- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
» :JEL: P30 - General
:JEL: P31 - Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
» :JEL: P32 - Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
:JEL: P33 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
» :JEL: P34 - Financial Economics
:JEL: P35 - Public Economics
» :JEL: P36 - Consumer Economics; Health, Education, Welfare, and Poverty
:JEL: P37 - Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
» :JEL: P39 - Other
JEL: P4 - Other Economic Systems
» :JEL: P40 - General
:JEL: P41 - Planning, Coordination, and Reform
» :JEL: P42 - Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
:JEL: P43 - Public Economics; Financial Economics
» :JEL: P44 - National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
:JEL: P45 - International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
» :JEL: P46 - Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
:JEL: P47 - Performance and Prospects
» :JEL: P48 - Political Economy •Legal Institutions; Property Rights
:JEL: P49 - Other
JEL: P5 -
Comparative Economic Systems
» :JEL: P50 - General
:JEL: P51 - Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
» :JEL: P52 - Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
:JEL: P59 - Other
Agricultural and natural resource economics; environmental and ecological economics JEL: Q Subcategories
JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics
JEL: Q0 - General
» :JEL: Q00 - General
:JEL: Q01 -
Sustainable development
-
Agriculture
» :JEL: Q10 - General
:JEL: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
» :JEL: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
:JEL: Q13 -
Agricultural markets and Marketing; Cooperatives;
Agribusiness » :JEL: Q14 -
Agricultural finance
:JEL: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure;
Land reform;
Land use; Irrigation
» :JEL: Q16 - R&D;
Agricultural technology; Agricultural Extension Services
:JEL: Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade
» :JEL: Q18 -
Agricultural policy;
Food policy
:JEL: Q19 - Other
- Renewable Resources and Conservation
» :JEL: Q20 - General
:JEL: Q21 - Demand and Supply
» :JEL: Q22 - Fishery; Aquaculture
:JEL: Q23 - Forestry
» :JEL: Q24 -
Land
:JEL: Q25 - Water
» :JEL: Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
:JEL: Q28 - Government Policy
» :JEL: Q29 - Other
- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
» :JEL: Q30 - General
:JEL: Q31 - Demand and Supply
» :JEL: Q32 - Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
:JEL: Q34 - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
» :JEL: Q33 - Resource Booms
:JEL: Q38 - Government Policy
» :JEL: Q39 - Other
-
Energy
» :JEL: Q40 - General
:JEL: Q41 -
Demand and
Supply » :JEL: Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources
:JEL: Q43 -
Energy and the Macroeconomy » :JEL: Q48 -
Government Policy
:JEL: Q49 - Other
-
Environmental economics
» :JEL: Q50 - General
:JEL: Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
» :JEL: Q52 - Pollution Control Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
:JEL: Q53 - Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste • Recycling
» :JEL: Q54 - Climate; Natural Disasters
:JEL: Q55 - Technological Innovation
» :JEL: Q56 - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade;
Sustainability;
Environmental accounting
:JEL: Q57 -
Ecological economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics
» :JEL: Q58 - Government Policy
:JEL: Q59 - Other
Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories
JEL: R - Urban, rural, and regional economics
JEL: R0 - General
» :JEL: R00 - General
- General
Regional economics
» :JEL: R10 - General
:JEL: R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
» :JEL: R12 - Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity; Interregional Trade
:JEL: R13 - General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
» :JEL: R14 - Land Use Patterns
:JEL: R15 - Econometric and Input–Output Models; Other Models
» :JEL: R19 - Other
JEL: R2 - Household Analysis
» :JEL: R20 - General
:JEL: R21 - Housing Demand
» :JEL: R22 - Other Demand
:JEL: R23 - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population
» :JEL: R29 - Other
JEL: R3 - Production Analysis and Firm Location
» :JEL: R30 - General
:JEL: R31 - Housing Supply and Markets
» :JEL: R32 - Other Production and Pricing Analysis
:JEL: R33 - Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
» :JEL: R34 - Input Demand Analysis
:JEL: R38 - Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
» :JEL: R39 - Other
-
Transportation Systems
» :JEL: R40 - General
:JEL: R41 - Transportation: Demand; Supply; Congestion; Safety and Accidents
» :JEL: R42 - Government and Private Investment Analysis
:JEL: R48 - Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies
» :JEL: R49 - Other
JEL: R5 - Regional Government Analysis
» :JEL: R50 - General
:JEL: R51 - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
» :JEL: R52 - Land Use and Other Regulations
:JEL: R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
» :JEL: R58 - Regional Development Policy
:JEL: R59 - Other
Other special topics (economics) JEL: Z Subcategories
JEL: Z - Other Special Topics
JEL: Z0 - General
» :JEL: Z00 - General
- Cultural Economics
» :JEL: Z10 - General
:JEL: Z11 -
Economics of the Arts and Literature » :JEL: Z12 - Religion
:JEL: Z13 - Social Norms and
Social Capital;
Social Networks » :JEL: Z19 - Other
Further Information
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